Which of the following can lead to a shift in the supply curve?

Technological improvements in production can lead to a shift in the supply curve because such advancements often allow producers to create goods more efficiently or at a lower cost. When technology improves, the overall productivity of resources increases, which can lead to an increase in the quantity of goods supplied at every price level. This shift represents a rightward movement of the supply curve, indicating that suppliers are willing and able to sell more of the good at the same price or sell the same quantity at a lower price due to reduced production costs.

In contrast, changes in consumer income, preferences, or the prices of substitute goods primarily affect the demand curve rather than the supply curve. Improved technology directly influences the capabilities of producers, setting it apart from the other options, which focus on factors influencing consumer behavior.